Ubuntu 16.04 LTS for Human Beans
This page collects information to have Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus) in a laptop or desktop as usable as possible for Human Beans willing to use it for production.
1.1. Enable Ubuntu Partners
First enable "partners" repos, since we will use it later to install skype, at least.
1.2. Extra repositories
Useful extra repositories. You can fire them all in a single go once you have the sudo password in memory (i.e. you have called some command with sudo recently. That's why this list of commands includes some dummy sudo ls first, so that you type your password if needed, and afterwards, you are not interrupted with the rest of commands that will be executed automagically one after the other if you ciopied the whole list of lines together and pasted them in a terminal window:
Press enter each time when requested.
Nowadays, you can update your sources list, and install launchpad-getkeys:
Launchpad-getkeys allows you to automatically import all the missing Launchpad GPG keys.
1.3. Install with interaction
Install programs which require interaction, like a confirmation step, a new password or user interaction of some sort.
- mysql-server, for the webserver in localhost, etc.
- phpmyadmin, to manage mysqldatabases easily through a web browser
- apachetop, for monitoring apache in real time
- ttf-mscorefonts-installer, required by other packages (PlayOnLinux, maybe?)
- a few others like java, and network filesystem network packages
If you need a webserver & php/mysql:
1.4. Install the rest in program sets
You can then install all the rest of the required and useful software for common tasks (including video editing, screencasting, etc). Note that the first package names until wcatalan are localization packages for our local language, and you can skip them or adapt for your language, etc.
And if you need R and similar developer programs, you can install also:
If you need webserver and other typical programs intended for servers, you can install this other set too:
If you want to have locale packages such as Catalan, you might be intersted in installaing these extra packages:
And for Spanish:
Removed packages from the list compared to Ubuntu 14.04 by the time of this writing (April 23rd, 2016), and the corresponding replacement with somewhat equivalent featureset in 16.04
- kdesvn -> rapidsvn | rabbitvcs (integrated in Nautilus)
- jitsi -> installed by hand frmo their website, v 2.8.x
- nautilus-open-terminal
- totem-plugins-dvb-daemon
- linux-firmware-nonfree
- gstreamer1.0-plugins-bad-multiverse -> gstreamer1.0-plugins-bad
- indicator-multiload
Other useful programs installed by hand in a later stage:
- rstudio
- chrome
- jitsi
- gdiskdump
- phpstorm
- acroread
- canon scangear MG3200. See Canon PIXMA MG3200 Printer and Scanner
- "Master pdf editor"
http://www.webupd8.org/2014/02/modify-pdf-files-in-linux-with-master.html
(http://code-industry.net/free-pdf-editor.php) - elastic search
- skype
You can test email sending in the command line with:
1.4.1. Main changes noticed for human beans
Good:
- Bluetooth works by default with most devices
- Battery icon displays battery info for connectd bluetooth devices using batteries (mouse, keyboard, etc)
- Icon to edit microphone volume levels shows up automatically on the top bar when the microphone is in use
Confusing:
- "USB startup creator" doesn't let you choose a persistent partition file when creating bootable usb disks with ubuntu distros.
1.4.2. R
1.4.2.1. R v3.4.x
Si empres R, et caldran paquets extra de sistema per a instal·lar alguns paquets d'R i eines habituals associades (git, svn, etc). Pots posar les dependències habituals amb:
Usual R packages that are useful in many cases. You can install them in an R console in a terminal (Type "R" in the terminal to launch the R console), or through RStudio command line:
{CODE}
1.4.2.2. R v3.5.x
Si necessites R 3.5.x en Ubuntu 16.04, pots afegir un repositori extra amb les següents de sota, després de llegir aquest advertiment:
No tots els paquets d'R es poden instal·lar sobre R 3.5.x en Ubuntu 16.04. A data d'avui, he vist que xml2, per exemple, no s'instal·la per aquest tipus de problema :
I per tant, els que depenen de xml2 tampoc: sparklyr, ...
Instruccions:
Si estàs actualitzant des d'una versió d'R anterior, et poden ser útils aquestes instruccions de terminal de sistema:
I aquestes altres de consola d'R:
1.4.3. Install new php versions and switch between them
Ubuntu 16.04 comes with php 7.0, and some php applications might still fail with php 7.0 .Therefore, in some cases, it might be sensible to have both php 7.0 and php 5.x, so that you can choose which version to use for your needs at any time. Or even better, 7.1. You need to add a new repository to have other versions of php available, and you will require the equivalent branch for a patched apache2 that will work with the other php version repository.
You can do so with:
Installing both php5.6 & php7.1 resulted in a lot of complaining from apt and lots of conflicts. The first suggested resolution was to remove all the stock php5 packages so that PHP 5.6 could be installed - so I just accepted the first suggestion.
The config files are all in /etc/php/5.6 and /etc/php/7.1 respectively - inside here is where you can configure which extensions are loaded, set the ini settings, and everything else for each version in isolation.
So to switch from php 5.6 to php 7.1 you need to do two things:
or from php7.1 to php5.6:
From the commandline, I have both php5.6 and php7.1 available as commands. I also still have a php command - look in /etc/alternatives to see that it symlinks to a particular version of PHP cli*. You can also quickly check which yours is using by running php -v.
Remember that php.ini and other files with settings are not in /etc/php5 anymore but in /etc/php/version/
1.5. PHP Debugger
You may use a nice (but closed source) IDE such as PHPStorm (which provides a version at no cost for FLOSS projects such as Tiki), or stick with pure FLOSS apps such as Aptana Studio IDE.
See:
- Download:
http://www.aptana.com/products/studio3/download - Installation:
http://linuxpitstop.com/install-aptana-studio-3-on-centos-and-ubuntu/ - Setup XDebug for PHP applications
http://digitaldisseny.com/es/blog/206-debug-php-aptana-ubuntu
http://devcircle.blogspot.com.es/2013/02/enable-xdebug-in-aptana-studio-3x.html - Add svn integration
https://www.development-cycle.com/2013/09/installing-svn-support-in-aptana-studio-3/
http://majadc.com/installing-subversion-plugin-in-aptana-studio-3
1.6. PHPStorm for FLOSS development
You can install as a Snap app, as indicated here: https://snapcraft.io/phpstorm
1.7. Laptops
For laptops:
For Macbook laptops:
For Battery saving - Suspend and Hibernate - Tuxonice Kernel
For hybrid graphic cards:
Intel + Nvidia:
Intel + ATI
fglrx-pxpress
1.7.1. Fixing battery drainage when switched off
Confirmed that problem still exists on a clean install from Ubuntu 13.04 up to 16.04 on a HP Pavillion dv6 i7. I installed the required program to fix the issue with:
and we can check the "Wake on lan" current status with:
If under the option ‘Wake-on:’ it says anything other than ‘d’ then it means this feature is enabled.
If it’s enabled then on most occasions it’ll say ‘g’ and you can use the below command to disable it.
You may not have device eth0 but eno1 or similar (check using command ifconfig in the command line)
Then enter the previous command to who the status of ‘Wake-on:’ it should say ‘d’.
But the thing is, this setting will be lost as soon as you reboot your computer. So to make Ubuntu permanently save the changes, use the below steps.
Now simply copy and past the below code into that newly opened configuration file (make sure to paste it above the ‘exit 0’ code).
Replace eth0 for your own device name if it's different than this (in my case, it's eno1).
Since Ubuntu 12.04, you may to do something else. Let’s first copy the original script to the ‘/etc/pm …’ folder, as if we were to edit the file while keeping it on its original location, then it might get overwritten when your OS receives update. So for that, open the terminal window and enter the below command.
Now enter the below command to edit it.
Once opened locate a code called ‘wol g’ (you can search for it in the editor) as shown below then simply change the letter ‘g’ to ‘d’.
Then click on the ‘Save’ button’ and close the editor. Now reboot your PC and when you’ve logged into the desktop use the command sudo ethtool eth0 | grep Wake-on to know if it’s working or not. If it’s working, then under ‘Wake-on’, now it should say ‘d’ (= disabled).
1.8. Ensure Syncthing uses latest daemon binary
Open syncthing-gtk UI, and update the syncthing daemon location to /usr/bin/syncthing if it doesn't get it from there by default, which will be v0.14.16 at the time of this writing .
Then restart the daemon to get the new and updated binary from the right path, in case you had a previous version of the daemon elsewhere (by default syncthing-gtk downloads a not-so-up-to-date version for you from elsewhere in this path: /home/username/.local/bin/syncthing.x64)
Otherwise, syncthing-gtk would download an earlier version of the daemon (for instance, v0.14.9 as of the time of this writing which is not compatible with the v0.14.14 of the daemon in the sync.evoludata.com or Windows boxes at this time)
1.9. Fix hibernation
Trial 1
Taken from: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2314905
With the new systemd configuration, the Unity menu's "hibernate" option does not call on pm-hibernate. It instead uses the hibernate and sleep service of logind / systemd. I'm using a tuxonice kernel, and the tlp power management setup on a thinkpad w520, running Ubuntu 16.04 (devel). I think this article is still relevant even if you don't have tlp or tuxonice, since it's systemd that changes how suspend and hibernate work.
When this laptop suspends or hibernates, sometimes the wifi stops working when it wakes back up. The solution is to unload the wifi device driver module prior to sleep, and then reload it upon resume, the way the "hibernate" script does, and "pm-hibernate" also did.
The other problem I had was that, using tuxonice, the user ui program was not visible during the hibernation process. I fixed this with:
Enable them with:
This worked well in the macbookpro laptop from 2008.
Trial 2
If the previous trick doesn't work (like in a hp laptop with dual graphics card), try this other one:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l8xa-PkDhhk
However, this didn't work for me. Hibernation or suspending fails in that computer with dual graphics card (ati + intel)
1.10. Re-enable hibernation from menus
First check if hibernation is compatible with your computer
You should save all of your work before hibernating the computer, just in case something goes wrong and your open applications and documents cannot be recovered when you switch on the computer again.
Run this in a console
Enter your password when prompted.
After you computer turns off, switch it back on. Did your open applications re-open?
If hibernate doesn't work, check if your swap partition is at least as large as your available RAM.
If the hibernate test works, you can continue to use the sudo pm-hibernate command when you want to hibernate.
You can also enable the hibernate option in the menus. To do that, use your favorite text editor to create
Add the following to the file and save:
Alternatively, if the previous doesn't work for some reason, you can edit this file:
Search for the sections related to "hibernate", and set ResultActive=no to ResultActive=yes
Re-enable hibernate in xfce panels
See http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/~shaikh/linux/suspend.htm
Content to add:
1.11. Boot-repair (in multi-boot environments)
Thse instructions will save you some headache in a multi-boot environment when one OS changes the boot menu and doesn't allow you boot in your preFfered OS. You can boot from an Ubuntu live CS/DVD/USB, and install boot-repair program from its own repo, with:
More information:
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Boot-Repair
1.12. Add mate desktop
From: http://ubunlog.com/ya-disponible-mate-1-12-1-para-ubuntu-15-10-y-16-04-lts/
If you need to remove it for some reason and reverse the system to its previous state, do:
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|
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Just a test if it renders the image in PDF if it is out of the table:
1.13. Add Acrobat Reader 9.x
By default you can get Adobe Acrobat 8.x in the repositories, as far as I see. But you can download 9.x version in English from Adobe website: http://get.adobe.com/reader/otherversions/
For instance, this version: AdbeRdr9.5.5-1_i386linux_enu.deb
For 32-bit system:
For 64-bit system:
The easier way to install Adobe Reader DEB on 64 bit Ubuntu is using Gdebi, which will automatically install all dependencies.
1.14. Sign PDFs
You can Sign PDF documents with PortableSigner, a small Java app that does the job effectively: add the digital signature that can be recognized with Adobe Reader, and it can also place an extra page with a block of text (and you graphical signature as png/jpg in addition if desired) indicating that the document has been digitally signed by a method recognized by Adobe, and you can check the digital signature by means of opening in Adobe Reader the source pdf from that printed document.
See:
https://sourceforge.net/projects/portablesigner/
1.15. Pair Bluetooth devices
Most devices work by default with standard procedures since the upgrade to Ubuntu 16.04 (they didn't in Ubuntu 14.04).
But Apple Bluetooth Keyboard seems to fail (since Ubuntu Jaunty in 2009, according to some posts elsewhere). I dream to find some valid workaround...
My solution was to buy a new bluetooth keyboard with backlight in the keys, for ~ 30€ in Amazon.
It works as is with default procedures. And the battery icon in the top bar of the desktop also displays the battery status of the bluetooth devices (nice!): mouse, keyboard, ... aside of the klaptop battery.
1.16. Tweaks to run Tiki Wiki CMS
Allow runing mod rewrite in Apache
1.16.1. Fix apache2.4 default settings to run Tiki
Edit /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default
and change docroot from /var/www to /var/ww/tiki or your custom path, AllowOVerride from None to All, and ensure that the syntax to allow access to override .htaccess file is set with the syntax for Apache 2.4 ("Require all granted") and not with the former one for Apache2.2 ("Order allow,deny" and "Allow from all")
The file should be left as like:
enable also the mod rewrite in Apache
1.16.2. Install elasticsearch 5.x from repos
See:
https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/5.0/deb.html#deb-repo
Commands on a console:
Ubuntu 16.04 uses systemd, as it can be queried with:
Running Elasticsearch with systemd
To configure Elasticsearch to start automatically when the system boots up, run the following commands:
Info provided in the console standard output:
Synchronizing state of elasticsearch.service with SysV init with /lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install...
Executing /lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install enable elasticsearch
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/elasticsearch.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/elasticsearch.service.
Elasticsearch can be started and stopped as follows:
These commands provide no feedback as to whether Elasticsearch was started successfully or not. Instead, this information will be written in the log files located in /var/log/elasticsearch/.
By default the Elasticsearch service doesn’t log information in the systemd journal. To enable journalctl logging, the --quiet option must be removed from the ExecStart command line in the elasticsearch.service file.
When systemd logging is enabled, the logging information are available using the journalctl commands:
To tail the journal:
To list journal entries for the elasticsearch service:
To list journal entries for the elasticsearch service starting from a given time:
Check man journalctl or https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/journalctl.html for more command line options.
1.16.2.1. Install also kibana 5.x from repos
See:
- https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/kibana/5.0/install.html
- https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/kibana/5.0/deb.html
If you don't have that yet, see above to get the gpg-key, the apt-transport-https package and the repository url.
Commands on a console:
Running Kibana with systemd
To configure Elasticsearch to start automatically when the system boots up, run the following commands:
Info provided in the console standard output:
Synchronizing state of kibana.service with SysV init with /lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install...
Executing /lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install enable kibana
Kibana can be started and stopped as follows:
These commands provide no feedback as to whether Kibana was started successfully or not. Instead, this information will be written in the log files located in /var/log/kibana/.
1.17. Connect remotely using X2Go server
Since Freenx doesn't seem to be easily installable in Ubuntu 14.04 servers (at least up to the time of this writing ). Therefore, we can use an open-source equivalent alternative, called x2go (x2goserver and x2goclient), which is maintained for GNU/Linux based servers, and with supported clients for GNU/Linux, Mac and Windows.
Quick howto to turn your machine into an X2Go server:
You also need to install some desktop environment which is supported by X2Go by default, and in our case, we will install one of the lightest desktops possible: LXDE (see http://wiki.x2go.org/doku.php/doc:de-compat for the full list)
Notes:
- Remember to install x2goclient in the client computer in order to connect to the server accordingly.
1.18. Multiple USB Writing
From: https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/multiple-usb-writing-on-linux/
1.18.1. Writing an ISO on multiple USBs
To write an ISO image file on multiple USB drives simultaneously, you will need the software that is named “MultiWriter”. Ubuntu users will find it in their default repositories with the package name “gnome-multi-writer”.
1.18.2. Writing multiple images on one USB
(a.k.a. "Multi-boot USB disk")
If you want to write multiple ISO images on one USB in order to have the capacity to boot into a selection of systems by using the same pen drive, you can do it with a tool called “MultiSystem”, or with another one called multiboot.
Add the corresponding repository by entering the following commands on the terminal:
Open the application and select the device from the list below. Note that the device must be mounted at “/media” and its filesystem must be “FAT32” in order for multisystem to detect it properly.
Watch out that it reports that it will write grub boot loader in the Master Boot Record (of the usb? or the main hard disk of your computer??? )
MultiSystem started
On the first tab of the application’s menu, you may add your image files one by one. Just hit the green arrow button and a file manager window will let you navigate your local files.
Add image file in MultySystem
Next, you may select the “Menus” tab which is basically a Grub configurator. It will allow you to set up the grub.cfg configuration file set the colors and background image of the bootloader and compile the menu list.
Grub Configurator
Other options include the use of non-free components like the PLoP boot manager and the FiraDisk. Moreover, in the “Boot” tab, you may select system-specific boot options, or just test-drive your creation in the QEMU system virtualization tool, or in VirtualBox. This of course, presupposes the existence of either in your system.
Other Bootmanagers
If MultiSystem isn’t working for you, you may also try alternatives like the multibootusb or the YUMI that basically do the same thing. In general, I have found that all of these tools are a little bit underdeveloped and often riddled with bugs, so you should have patience and not give up easily. Having a multisystem USB stick is worth your time and effort.
From: https://itsfoss.com/multiple-linux-one-usb/
Web: http://multibootusb.org/
Deb: https://github.com/mbusb/multibootusb/releases/download/v9.2.0/python3-multibootusb_9.2.0-1_all.deb
The recommended filesystem is FAT32, so make sure to format your USB drive before creating a multi-boot USB stick.
You can select the persistence size by dragging the slider under MultiBootUSB tab. Persistence gives you an option to save changes to the USB drive in runtime. (in theory; will it work since Ubuntu 16.04 doesn't seem to use it by default?)
Next time I boot through the USB, I get the option of choosing either of the distributions.
1.19. Create Linux Live USB disks
You can add an extra repository to include mkusb dus (Do USB Stuff), which will allow you to create boot usb disks with persistence of changes in a reliable way for recent Ubuntu distros such as 16.04 LTS and newer. In such distros the default traditional methods such as USB Disk Creator or UnetBootIn no longer work in all cases as they did with earlier Ubuntu versions.
Derived from: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/mkusb
And system for a tweaked version of LXLE 16.04.2 (32 bits; 1-disk-fits-all-computers approach):
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/mkusb/persistent/LXLE
1.20. Video Edition
The first program to try can be OpenShot (multiplatform).
But if you need more power/features, you can use KDEnLive (GNU/Linux only, and maybe MacOSX but not Windows).
And if you want to use a newer version than the one that comes with your distribution (either *ubuntu 16.04, 18.04, etc., or even with the Kubuntu-ppa/Backports repo), you can install KDEnLive by means of the Flatpack system, which works nicely in my first tests
1.21. Dowload your own full YouTube Playlists
You can easily download your own videos of youtube (or even your entire playlsits) through the application youtube-dl or yt-dlp.
1. youtube-dl
You can install youtube-dl from repositories, even if it won't be updated as frequently as needed sometimes, to get sync with youtube way of working. Therefore, you are encouraged to install through the command-line:
You can download your own youtube playlist with:
Replace YOURPLAYLISTID with your own YouTube playlist id (note it's not your youtube channel ID, but the youtube playlist id). You can get it from the url of a video when shown through it's own playlist. That url might look like:
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guFSSJTjyZI&list=PLM2ch5TKp0OdtMZeqCOJQw6BwJ19VDcj4&index=2
- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLM2ch5TKp0OdtMZeqCOJQw6BwJ19VDcj4
Therefore, the playlist id is that part after list= and before any ampersand (&) if any.
In this case: PLM2ch5TKp0OdtMZeqCOJQw6BwJ19VDcj4
Therefore, this would be the instruction in the command line:
And if you need in mp4 format only (because your tv doesn't accept some webm or mkv codec files, or whatever other reason), you can add these extra params -f 'bestvideoext=mp4+bestaudioext=m4a/mp4' :
1.1. Looking for a GUI for youtube-dl? youtube-dlg
There is a nice GUI called youtube-dlg, however, it doesn't seem to be updated as frequently as needed to keep it updated to latest youtube-dl changes (and therefore, with youtube changes).
You might try the GUI Download-DLG, in case it still works for you (if did for me months ago, but not currently, so I had to go to the command line to be able to fetch my own video playlist successfully)
Derived from:
2. yt-dlp
If youtube-dl doesn't work for you any more (it did fail for me in 2023-10), you can try installing yt-dlp from discover app, or through pip, and launch the command with this program
You can check the version of yt-dlp with:
If installed with pip, you will see this message:
To upgrade you need to run a command out of two, it depends on how you installed it.
If you installed it via pip, use:
otherwise use:
Example:
You might also install sitewide with root permissions, but it is not recommended. See below:
Example run as root user:
Derived from:
Alias names for this page:
playlist | playlists | Youtube | YoutubeLists | YoutubeList | Youtube Lists | Youtube List
2.1. Dowload your own full YouTube Playlists
You can easily download your own videos of youtube (or even your entire playlsits) through the application youtube-dl . You can install youtube-dl from repositories, even if it won't be updated as frequently as needed sometimes, to get sync with youtube way of working. Therefore, you are encouraged to install through the command-line:
You can download your own youtube playlist with:
Replace YOURPLAYLISTID with your own YouTube playlist id (note it's not your youtube channel ID, but the youtube playlist id). You can get it from the url of a video when shown through it's own playlist. That url might look like:
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guFSSJTjyZI&list=PLM2ch5TKp0OdtMZeqCOJQw6BwJ19VDcj4&index=2
- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLM2ch5TKp0OdtMZeqCOJQw6BwJ19VDcj4
Therefore, the playlist id is that part after list= and before any ampersand (&) if any.
In this case: PLM2ch5TKp0OdtMZeqCOJQw6BwJ19VDcj4
Therefore, this would be the instruction in the command line:
Derived from:
There is a nice GUI called youtube-dlg, however, it doesn't seem to be updated as frequently as needed to keep it updated to latest youtube-dl changes (and therefore, with youtube changes).
You might try the GUI Download-DLG, in case it still works for you (if did for me months ago, but not currently, so I had to go to the command line to be able to fetch my own video playlist successfully)
Derived from:
2.2. GNU ddrescue-gui repo
See: http://www.ubuntugeek.com/ddrescue-gui-a-python-script-to-make-it-easier-to-use-ddrescue.html
2.3. Tested on
PC Laptop Coprinus
"Coprinus" is the name of a laptop computer, with a somewhat blackish screencorner, and silverish cover. somewhat similar to the Coprinus generus of mushrooms.
Hardware
HP Pavilion dv6. i7 (4 real processors, & 4 virtual). 8Gb RAM. 1Tb Hard Drive. 2GB double gaphics card (ATI & internal).
Keyboard: foreign, 104 keys.
Computer bought at "Outlet PC" http://www.outlet-pc.es . Keyboard stickers bought on ebay for 4€ approx.
OS: Dual Boot
- Ubuntu 16.04 GNU/Linux 64 bits.
- Windows 7 Home
(dual boot from grub)
AMD hybrid Graphics card
Note for AMD hybrid graphics users: you can use fglrx-pxpress and AMD Indicator which are basically the equivalents of the tweaks elsewhere for AMD. See the Ubuntu wiki for more info.
Macbookpro Laptop Penguinbookpro
Ubuntu 16.04 LTS + MacOSX 1.5 + Win XP Pro, on a MacBookPro 5.5 laptop. A.k.a.: "Penguinbookpro"
2.3.1.1. Add iSight webcam driver
Taken from: http://askubuntu.com/a/118201
Install some basic tool to handle the Driver (don't worry about the path to the driver, sinc eyou'll provide the driver itself in a later step).
Run this command in a terminal:
Skip the prompt to immediately load the driver file.
Find MODULES and make it MODULES="isight_usb".
This outputs the product ID of your specific iSight USB device. Remember this number. Mine is 8507. The default Ubuntu driver seems to be hardcoded for 8300, which is a problem.
Add (and be sure to replace the "8507" with your product ID.):
Shutdown/poweroff (not reboot or restart).
Boot again the computer.
If you don't have Cheese yet, install it. Launch cheese program to test the webcam.
By this time, your webcam should be working nicely. 
2.4. Optional - Linkat 16.04 standard or lightweight
Tweak your install with Linkat apps (adapted for Catalonian Educational contexts):
See:
- http://linkat.xtec.cat/portal_linkat/wikilinkat/index.php/Lubuntu
- http://linkat.xtec.cat/portal_linkat/wikilinkat/index.php/Wiki_Linkat_edu_16.04
This distribution has:
- its own ubuntu repository,
- a set of applications for the learning of kids and teenagers, organized based on age periods.
- specific apps to help freezing desktops, user profiles, etc.
- a minimal version of the distribution, based on Lubuntu (LXDE)
- instructions to install mswindows-like desktop styles to make new users more comfortable with the look and feel of their usual desktop environments they are migrating from.
- apply skeletons of the desktop environment to pre-existing users in the system
Seed: